Trích dẫn Chiến_tranh_La_Mã-Ba_Tư

  1. ↑ Howard-Johnston (2006), 1
  2. ↑ Kia 2016, tr. liii.
  3. ↑ De Blois & van der Spek 2008, tr. 137.
  4. 1 2 Ball (2000), 12–13; Dignas–Winter (2007), 9 (PDF)
  5. ↑ Plutarch, Sulla, 5. 3–6
    * Mackay (2004), 149; Sherwin-White (1994), 262
  6. ↑ Bivar (1993), 46
    * Sherwin-White (1994), 262–263
  7. ↑ Sherwin-White (1994), 264
  8. ↑ Plutarch, Crassus, 23–32
    * Mackay (2004), 150
  9. ↑ Bivar (1993), 56
  10. ↑ Justin, Historiarum Philippicarum, XLII.4
    * Bivar (1993), 56–57
  11. ↑ Bivar (1993), 57
  12. ↑ Justin, Historiarum Philippicarum, XLII.4; Plutarch, Antony, 33–34
    * Bivar (1993), 57–58
  13. ↑ Cassius Dio, Roman History, XLIX, 27–33
    * Bivar (1993), 58–65
  14. ↑ Sicker (2000), 162
  15. ↑ Sicker (2000), 162–163
  16. ↑ Tacitus, Annals, XII.50–51
    * Sicker (2000), 163
  17. ↑ Tacitus, Annals, XV.27–29
    * Rawlinson (2007), 286–287
  18. ↑ Sicker (2000), 167
  19. ↑ Cassius Dio, Roman History, LXVIII, 33
    * Sicker (2000), 167–168
  20. ↑ Lightfoot (1990), 115: "Trajan succeeded in acquiring territory in these lands with a view to annexation, something which had not seriously been attempted before ... Although Hadrian abandoned all of Trajan's conquests ... the trend was not to be reversed. Further wars of annexation followed under Lucius Verus and Septimius Severus."; Sicker (2000), 167–168
  21. ↑ Sicker (2000), 169
  22. ↑ Herodian, Roman History, III, 9.1–12
    Campbell (2005), 6–7; Rawlinson (2007), 337–338
  23. ↑ Herodian, Roman History, IV, 10.1–15.9
    Campbell (2005), 20
  24. ↑ Herodian, Roman History, VI, 2.1–6; Cassius Dio, Roman History, LXXX, 4.1–2
    * Dodgeon–Greatrex–Lieu (2002), I, 16
  25. ↑ Herodian, Roman History, VI, 5.1–6
    * Dodgeon–Greatrex–Lieu (2002), I, 24–28; Frye (1993), 124
  26. 1 2 Frye (1993), 124–125; Southern (2001), 234–235
  27. ↑ Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus, 27.7–8; Sibylline Oracles, XIII, 13–20
    * Frye (1993), 125; Southern (2001), 235
  28. ↑ Frye (1993), 125; Southern (2001), 235–236
  29. ↑ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 5; Sibylline Oracles, XIII, 155–171
    * Frye (1993), 126; Southern (2001), 238
  30. ↑ Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus, 38.2–4; Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History, IX, 18.1
    * Frye (1993), 128; Southern (2001), 241
  31. 1 2 Frye (1993), 130; Southern (2001), 242
  32. ↑ Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus, 38.2–4; Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History, IX, 18.1
    * Frye (1993), 128; Southern (2001), 241
  33. ↑ Frye (1993), 137
  34. ↑ Frye (1993), 138
  35. ↑ Bury (1923), XIV.1; Frye (1993), 145; Greatrex-Lieu (2002), II, 37–51
  36. ↑ Procopius, Wars, I.7.1–2
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 62
  37. ↑ Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle, XLIII
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 62
  38. ↑ Zacharias Rhetor, Historia Ecclesiastica, VII, 3–4
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 63
  39. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), I I, 69–71
  40. ↑ Procopius, Wars, I.9.24
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 77
  41. ↑ Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle, XC
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 74
  42. ↑ Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle, XCIII–XCIV
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 77
  43. ↑ Procopius, Wars, I.11.23–30
    * Greatrex (2005), 487; Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 81–82
  44. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 82
  45. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 84
  46. ↑ Zacharias Rhetor, Historia Ecclesiastica, IX, 2
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 83, 86
  47. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 85
  48. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 92–96
  49. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 93
  50. ↑ Evans (2000), 118; Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 96–97
  51. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 102; see H. Börm, "Der Perserkönig im Imperium Romanum", Chiron 36 (2006), 299ff.
  52. ↑ Procopius, Wars, II.20.17–19
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 109–110
  53. ↑ Procopius, Wars, II.21.30–32
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 110
  54. ↑ Corripus, Johannidos, I.68–98
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 111
  55. ↑ Greatrex-Lieu (2002), II, 113
  56. ↑ Procopius, Wars, 28.7–11
    * Greatrex (2005), 489; Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 113
  57. ↑ Procopius, Wars, 28.7–11
    * Evans, Justinian (527–565 AD); Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 113
  58. ↑ Treadgold (1997), 204–207
  59. ↑ Treadgold (1997), 209
  60. ↑ Farrokh (2007), 236
  61. ↑ Greatrex (2005), 489; Treadgold (1997), 211
  62. ↑ Menander Protector, History, frag. 6.1. According to Greatrex (2005), 489, to many Romans this arrangement "appeared dangerous and indicative of weakness".
  63. ↑ Evans, Justinianus (527–565 )
  64. ↑ John of Epiphania, History, 2 AncientSites.com gives an additional reason for the outbreak of the war: "[The Medians'] contentiousness increased even further ... when Justin did not deem to pay the Medians the five hundred pounds of gold each year previously agreed to under the peace treaties and let the Roman State remain forever a tributary of the Persians." See also, Greatrex (2005), 503–504
  65. ↑ Treadgold (1997), 222
  66. ↑ The great bastion of the Roman frontier was in Persian hands for the first time (Whitby [2000], 92–94).
  67. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 152; Louth (2005), 113
  68. ↑ Theophanes, Chronicle, 246.11–27
    * Whitby (2000), 92–94
  69. 1 2 Theophylact, History, I, 9.4 (PDF)
    Treadgold (1997), 224; Whitby (2000), 95
  70. ↑ Treadgold (1997), 224; Whitby (2000), 95–96
  71. ↑ Soward, Theophylact Simocatta and the Persians (PDF); Treadgold (1997), 225; Whitby (2000), 96
  72. ↑ Suny 1994, tr. 25.
  73. ↑ Mikaberidze 2015, tr. 529.
  74. ↑ Soward, Theophylact Simocatta and the Persians (PDF); Treadgold (1997), 226; Whitby (2000), 96
  75. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 168-169
  76. ↑ Theophylact, V, History, I, 3.11 (PDF) and 15.1 (PDF)
    * Louth (2005), 115; Treadgold (1997), 231–232
  77. ↑ Foss (1975), 722
  78. ↑ Theophanes, Chronicle, 290–293
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 183–184
  79. ↑ Theophanes, Chronicle, 292–293
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 185–186
  80. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 186–187
  81. ↑ Haldon (1997), 41; Speck (1984), 178.
  82. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 188–189
  83. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 189–190
  84. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 190–193, 196
  85. ↑ The mint of Nicomedia ceased operating in 613, and Rhodes fell to the invaders in 622–623 (Greatrex-Lieu (2002), II, 193–197).
  86. ↑ Kia 2016, tr. 223.
  87. ↑ Howard-Johnston 2006, tr. 33.
  88. ↑ Foss 1975, tr. 725
  89. ↑ Howard-Johnston (2006), 85
  90. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 196
  91. ↑ Theophanes, Chronicle, 303–304, 307
    * Cameron (1979), 23; Grabar (1984), 37
  92. ↑ Theophanes, Chronicle, 304.25–306.7
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 199
  93. ↑ Theophanes, Chronicle, 306–308
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 199–202
  94. ↑ Theophanes, Chronicle, 308–312
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 202–205
  95. ↑ Theophanes, Chronicle, 316
    * Cameron (1979), 5–6, 20–22
  96. ↑ Theophanes, Chronicle, 315–316
    * Farrokh–McBride (2005), 56
  97. ↑ Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 209–212
  98. ↑ Theophanes, Chronicle, 317–327
    * Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 217–227
  99. ↑ Haldon (1997), 46; Baynes (1912), passim; Speck (1984), 178
  100. ↑ Howard-Johnston (2006), 9: "[Heraclius'] victories in the field over the following years and its political repercussions ... saved the main bastion of Christianity in the Near East and gravely weakened its old Zoroastrian rival."
  101. ↑ Haldon (1997), 43–45, 66, 71, 114–15
  102. ↑ Ambivalence toward Byzantine rule on the part of miaphysites may have lessened local resistance to the Arab expansion (Haldon [1997], 49–50).
  103. ↑ Foss (1975), 746–47; Howard-Johnston (2006), xv
  104. ↑ Liska (1998), 170
  105. ↑ Haldon (1997), 49–50
  106. ↑ Haldon (1997), 61–62; Howard-Johnston (2006), 9
  107. ↑ Rawlinson (2007), 199: "The Parthian military system had not the elasticity of the Romans ... However loose and seemingly flexible, it was rigid in its uniformity; it never altered; it remained under the thirtieth Arsaces such as it had been under the first, improved in details perhaps, but essentially the same system." According to Michael Whitby (2000), 310, "the eastern armies preserved the Roman military reputation through to the end of the 6th century by capitalizing on available resources and showing a capacity to adapt to a variety of challenges".
  108. 1 2 Wheeler (2007), 259
  109. ↑ Frye (2005), 473
  110. ↑ Greatrex (2005), 478; Frye (2005), 472
  111. ↑ Cornuelle, An Overview of the Sassanian Persian Military; Sidnell (2006), 273
  112. ↑ According to Reno E. Gabba, the Roman army was reorganized over time after the impact of the Battle of Carrhae (Gabba [1966], 51–73).
  113. ↑ Vegetius, III, Epitoma Rei Militaris, 26
    * Verbruggen–Willard–Southern (1997), 4–5
  114. ↑ Campbell–Hook (2005), 57–59; Gabba (1966), 51–73
  115. ↑ Shahîd (1984), 24–25; Wagstaff (1985), 123–125
  116. ↑ Frye (1993), 139; Levi (1994), 192
  117. 1 2 Frye (1993), 139
  118. ↑ Excavations In Iran Unravel Mystery Of "Red Snake", Science Daily; Levi (1994), 192
  119. ↑ Rekavandi–Sauer–Wilkinson–Nokandeh, The Enigma of the Red Snake
  120. ↑ “Death Underground: Gas Warfare at Dura-Europos,” Current Archaeology, November 26, 2009 (online feature) http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/world-news/death-underground-gas-warfare-at-dura-europos.htm (accessed October 3, 2014)
  121. ↑ Samir S. Patel, “Early Chemical Warfare – Dura-Europos, Syria,” Archaeology, Vol. 63, No. 1, January/February 2010, http://www.archaeology.org/1001/topten/syria.html (accessed October 3, 2014)
  122. ↑ Stephanie Pappas, “Buried Soldiers May Be Victims of Ancient Chemical Weapon,” LiveScience, March 8, 2011, http://www.livescience.com/13113-ancient-chemical-warfare-romans-persians.html (accessed October 3, 2014).
  123. ↑
  124. ↑ Brazier (2001), 42
  125. ↑ Cassius Dio, Roman History, LXXV, 3.2–3
    * Garnsey–Saller (1987), 8
  126. ↑ Greatrex (2005), 477–478
  127. ↑ Barnes (1985), 126
  128. ↑ Sozomen, Ecclesiastical History, II, 15
    * McDonough (2006), 73
  129. ↑ Haldon (1999), 20; Isaak (1998), 441
  130. ↑ Dignas–Winter (2007), 1–3 (PDF)
  131. ↑ Dodgeon–Greatrex–Lieu (2002), I, 5; Potter (2004), 232–233
  132. ↑ Frye (2005), 461–463; Shahbazi, Historiography
  133. ↑ Shahbazi, Historiography
  134. ↑ Dodgeon–Greatrex–Lieu (2002), I, 7
  135. ↑ Boyd (1999), 160
  136. ↑ Howard-Johnston (2006), 42–43

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